NIKOLA TESLA (Arun.Noutiyal writter )
Nikola Tesla's Early Years
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Nikola Tesla was born in 1856, in a town called Smiljan in modern-day Croatia. Nikola was one of five children, and his father was a Serbian Orthodox priest. His mother, Djuka Mandic, was an inventor of small household appliances. Nikola often described his mother as a genius, crediting her with his love for inventiveness. Extremely smart even in his youth, Nikola was able to do integral calculus in his head. Nikola excelled during high school and his first year of college, but never finished his degree.
In 1881, Nikola moved to Budapest for an internship at a telegraph company. He started as a common electrical draftsman and was quickly assigned to the position of chief engineer. It was during this time that Nikola came up with the idea for the induction motor, which uses spinning magnets to create an alternating electrical current to power a machine. Tesla's work was so exceptional that he was offered a position at the Continental Edison Company in 1882 in Paris, France.
Tesla Meets Edison
Tesla earned the attention of supervisors at the Edison company, and in 1884 he arrived in the United States with a letter of recommendation for Thomas Edison from his manager Charles Batchelor, stating 'I know two great men and you are one of them; the other is this young man.' Nikola introduced Edison to his ideas on alternating current (AC), a form of power established by electrical currents moving first in one direction on a wire, then the other, creating a stronger and more stable electrical source. Edison disagreed with Nikola, and maintained his preference for direct current (DC) electricity, which flows continuously in one direction but requires a power station at two mile intervals to support the traveling energy.
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Nikola completely re-designed the company's direct current generators for Edison. According to Tesla's autobiography, Edison had promised him $50,000 to do the work, the equivalent of $1 million in today's money. It took him almost a year, during which he secured several valuable patentsfor Edison. After Nikola completed the work and inquired about the money, Edison told him it had been a misunderstood 'American joke,' and when he refused to give Nikola a raise to $25 per week in early 1885, Nikola became frustrated and left the company.
Nikola the Inventor
After leaving Edison, Tesla had to resort to basic labor jobs to support himself. Tesla considered this to be one of the most difficult periods of his life, but he soon met an attorney who helped him file a patent, a license issued by the government giving the license holder the sole right to make, use or sell an invention, for the alternating current induction motor Nikola had created several years before.
While giving a demonstration in 1888 to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE), Nikola met George Westinghouse, an American inventor. Westinghouse was very interested in Tesla's ideas and paid Nikola $1 million for all his AC current patents, plus a royalty fee of $1 per horsepower produced. This allowed Nikola to pursue many of his ideas, and create stronger electrical systems. This was the beginning of the AC vs. DC electrical war between Tesla and Edison.
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Tesla also used this new funding to develop his ideas for the Tesla Coil, as well as fostering many other inventive ideas and making significant advancements in the technological field. At the 1893 World's Fair, a building was provided for electrical exhibits for the first time in World Fair history. Tesla and Westinghouse displayed an astonishing presentation of AC power by lighting up the entire exhibit. Edison had been an initial competitor in getting the approval for the lighting contract during the fair, and Tesla's display of AC power secured the contract for Westinghouse and himself, adding further tension between Edison and Tesla.
In 1896, Tesla established a power plant at Niagara Falls, which harnessed the energy of moving water to create the first large-scale AC power plant. Both Westinghouse and Edison were quickly going broke due to the 'War of Currents,' however, and Nikola ended up releasing Westinghouse from his royalties contract to help Westinghouse recover financially.
Tesla coil
In the summer of 1889, Tesla traveled to the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris and learned of Heinrich Hertz'1886–88 experiments that proved the existence of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves.[ Tesla found this new discovery "refreshing" and decided to explore it more fully. In repeating, and then expanding on, these experiments, Tesla tried powering a Ruhmkorff coil with a high speed alternator he had been developing as part of an improved arc lighting system but found that the high frequency current overheated the iron core and melted the insulation between the primary and secondary windings in the coil. To fix this problem Tesla came up with his Tesla coil with an air gap instead of insulating material between the primary and secondary windings and an iron core that could be moved to different positions in or out of the coil.
Citizenship
On 30 July 1891, aged 35, Tesla became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In the same year, he patented his Tesla coil.
X-ray experimentation
Starting in 1894, Tesla began investigating what he referred to as radiant energy of "invisible" kinds after he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments.(later identified as "Roentgen rays" or "X-Rays"). His early experiments were with Crookes tubes, a cold cathode electrical discharge tube. Tesla may have inadvertently captured an X-ray image—predating, by a few weeks, Wilhelm Röntgen's December 1895 announcement of the discovery of X-rays when he tried to photograph Mark Twain illuminated by a Geissler tube, an earlier type of gas discharge tube. The only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens.
In March 1896, after hearing of Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery of X-ray and X-ray imaging (radiography), Tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in X-ray imaging, developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the output of the Tesla Coil (the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung or braking radiation). In his research, Tesla devised several experimental setups to produce X-rays. Tesla held that, with his circuits, the "instrument will ... enable one to generate Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus."
Tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices. In his many notes on the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays, but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin, and to a lesser extent, by nitrous acid. Tesla incorrectly believed that X-rays were longitudinal waves, such as those produced in waves in plasmas. These plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields.
On 11 July 1934, the New York Herald Tribune published an article on Tesla, in which he recalled an event that would occasionally take place while experimenting with his single-electrode vacuum tubes; a minute particle would break off the cathode, pass out of the tube, and physically strike him:
Radio remote control
In 1898, Tesla demonstrated a boat that used a coherer-based radio control—which he dubbed "telautomaton"—to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden.[ The crowd that witnessed the demonstration made outrageous claims about the workings of the boat, such as magic, telepathy, and being piloted by a trained monkey hidden inside.[126] Tesla tried to sell his idea to the U.S. military as a type of radio-controlled torpedo, but they showed little interest. Remote radio control remained a novelty until World War I and afterward, when a number of countries used it in military programs. Tesla took the opportunity to further demonstrate "Teleautomatics" in an address to a meeting of the Commercial Club in Chicago, while he was travelling to Colorado Springs, on 13 May 1899.
Wireless power
From the 1890s through 1906, Tesla spent a great deal of his time and fortune on a series of projects trying to develop the transmission of electrical power without wires. It was an expansion of his idea of using coils to transmit power that he had been demonstrating in wireless lighting. He saw this as not only a way to transmit large amounts of power around the world but also, as he had pointed out in his earlier lectures, a way to transmit worldwide communications.
At the time Tesla was formulating his ideas, there was no feasible way to wirelessly transmit communication signals over long distances, let alone large amounts of power. Tesla had studied radio waves early on, and came to the conclusion that part of existing study on them, by Hertz, was incorrect. Also, this new form of radiation was widely considered at the time to be a short-distance phenomenon that seemed to die out in less than a mile.Tesla noted that, even if theories on radio waves were true, they were totally worthless for his intended purposes since this form of "invisible light" would diminish over distance just like any other radiation and would travel in straight lines right out into space, becoming "hopelessly lost".
By the mid 1890s, Tesla was working on the idea that he might be able to conduct electricity long distance through the Earth or the atmosphere, and began working on experiments to test this idea including setting up a large resonance transformer magnifying transmitter in his East Houston Street lab.Seeming to borrow from a common idea at the time that the Earth's atmosphere was conductive, he proposed a system composed of balloons suspending, transmitting, and receiving, electrodes in the air above 30,000 feet (9,100 m) in altitude, where he thought the lower pressure would allow him to send high voltages (millions of volts) long distances.
Death
Tesla died of heart failure in the New Yorker Hotel (where he was
living alone), some time between the evening of January 5 and the
morning of January 8, 1943, at the age of 86. Immediately after
his death all his papers were seized and sealed by FBI marking
them “top secret”. Despite creating and patenting a large number
of inventions, Tesla was essentially a destitute and died with
significant debts. Later that year the US Supreme Court upheld
Tesla’s patent on radio, in effect recognizing him as the inventor
of radio. The recognition came after 47 years and robbed him of
the Nobel Prize.
Nikola tesla did a lot of deception but he never gave up. We should learn from them.The electricity that we are using today is all about Nikola Tesla
निकोला टेसला ने बहुत धोखे किए लेकिन उन्होंने कभी हार नहीं मानी। हमें उनसे सीखना चाहिए। आज हम जिस बिजली का उपयोग कर रहे हैं, वह सब निकोला टेस्ला के बारे में है
contributed by
Arun Noutiyal
Nice thank for sir Nikola Tesla biography
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